翻訳と辞書 Words near each other ・ Doctor of Letters ・ Doctor of Liberal Arts ・ Doctor of Liberal Studies ・ Doctor of Literature and Philosophy ・ Doctor of Management ・ Doctor of Medicine ・ Doctor of Ministry ・ Doctor of Modern Languages ・ Doctor of Music ・ Doctor of Musical Arts ・ Doctor of Nursing Practice ・ Doctor of Nursing Science ・ Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ・ Doctor of Pastoral Theology ・ Doctor of Pharmacy ・ Doctor of Philosophy ・ Doctor of Physical Therapy ・ Doctor of Physiotherapy ・ Doctor of Practical Theology ・ Doctor of Professional Studies ・ Doctor of Project Management ・ Doctor of Psychology ・ Doctor of Public Administration ・ Doctor of Sacred Theology ・ Doctor of Science ・ Doctor of Social Science ・ Doctor of Social Work ・ Doctor of Technology ・ Doctor of the Church ・ Doctor of Theology Dictionary Lists mini英和辞書 mini和英辞書 Webster 1913 Latin-English FOLDOC Wikipedia English ウィキペディア

翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Doctor of Philosophy ： ウィキペディア英語版 Doctor of Philosophy A Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD or Ph.D. or DPhil〔The abbreviation DPhil is used only by the University of Oxford and the University of Sussex. See also 〕) or a Doctorate of Philosophy, from the Latin ''Doctor Philosophiae'', is a type of doctorate awarded by universities in many countries. The degree varies considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates. A person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called ''doctoral student'' or ''PhD student''. In the context of academic degrees, the term ''philosophy'' does not refer solely to the field of philosophy, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is "love of wisdom". In most of Europe, all fields other than theology, law, and medicine were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of (liberal) arts was known as the faculty of philosophy. == History == In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties: the basic faculty of arts, and the three higher faculties of theology, medicine, and law (canonical and civil). All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees (bachelor of arts, of theology, of laws, of medicine) and final degrees. Initially, the titles of master and doctor were used interchangeably for the final degrees, but by the late Middle Ages the terms Master of Arts and Doctor of Theology/Divinity, Doctor of Law, and Doctor of Medicine had become standard in most places (though in the German and Italian universities the term ''Doctor'' was used for all faculties). The doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph.D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements and examinations. Besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. Originally this was a license to teach, awarded shortly before the award of the master or doctor degree by the diocese in which the university was located, but later it evolved into an academic degree in its own right, in particular in the continental universities. So in theory the full course of studies might lead in succession to the degrees of, e.g., Bachelor of Arts, Licentiate of Arts, Master of Arts, Bachelor of Medicine, Licentiate of Medicine, Doctor of Medicine. There were many exceptions to this, however. Most students left the university before becoming masters of arts, whereas regulars (members of monastic orders) could skip the arts faculty entirely. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Doctor of Philosophy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.